Unruh Civil Rights Act: California Civil Code 51 and 52

The Unruh Civil Rights Act, California Civil Code Sections 51 and 52, provides protection from discrimination by all business establishments in California, including housing and public accommodations. The Unruh Act was designed to protect people rights from arbitrary discrimination and to guarantee their rights to equal and full access to all public accommodations.
California Civil Code 51(b) and Equal Accommodations
California Civil Code Section 51(b) defines the regulations under the Unruh Civil Rights Act: “All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, or sexual orientation are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever.”
Discrimination by a Business Establishment
While the Unruh Civil Rights Act specifically indicates discrimination based on “sex, race, religion, age, color, national origin, ancestry, medical condition, disability, marital status, genetic information or sexual orientation”, the California Supreme Court has held, that protections under the Act are not only necessarily limited to the mentioned characteristics. The Unruh Act includes all intentional and arbitrary discrimination by a business establishment based on personal characteristics related to the above mentioned ones.
What Is Considered to Be a Business Establishment According the Unruh Act?
The list includes some examples of business establishments that are covered by the Act. The list is non-exhaustive, and can include any place of public accommodation:
- Retail Establishments
- Hotels and Motels
- Non-Profit Organizations that are a public accommodation or have a business purpose
- Restaurants and Bars
- Hospitals
- Barber and Beauty Shops
- Theaters
- Housing Accommodations
- Retail Establishments
- Golf Courses
- Public Agencies
- Retail Shops
- Fitness Clubs
California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH)
If you believe that a business establishment has violated the Unruh Act, you can file a complaint with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH). DFEH is not an advocate for the complaining person or for the business establishment. Department of Fair Employment and Housing represents the State of California. If possible, DFEH will try to assist both parties in resolving the complaint. In case a voluntary settlement cannot be reached, and there is enough evidence of violation, DFEH can issue a civil complaint. Generally the complaint must be filed within one year of the violation. Though, in case the discrimination has connection with hate violence, a person has one year from the day he becomes aware of the committer’s identity to file the complaint, but not more three years from the date of the injury. If a individual wishes to file lawsuit directly through the courts he can do so without involving DFEH.
Remedies for Discrimination Violation Under Unruh Act
Possible remedies for violations of the Unruh Act can include:
- General and special damages
- Injunctive relief
- Cease and desist orders
- Out-of-pocket expenses
- Attorney’s fees.
- Damages for emotional distress
Court-ordered damages can include up to three times the total amount of the actual damages, also known as “treble damages”, but not less than $4,000 for each offense.
California Civil Rights Discrimination Attorney
If you believe that you have been discriminated against in housing or by a business, our employment law attorneys at KAASS LAW can evaluate your case understand your rights under the Unruh Act and other California anti-discrimination laws, and take your case to trial or secure a fair settlement. [contact-form-7 id="5673" title="KAASS LAW Contact Form"]
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Child seats save lives and protect the most vulnerable passengers in motor vehicles. Young children must also ride in proper booster and safety seats for their height, weight, and age in California. However, defective car seats and boosters can cause significant injury and even death to young children.
Common Booster and Safety Seat Defects
According to state laws and regulations, all children under the age of eight must be in an appropriate car seat, with certain exceptions for older children whose parents are in the vehicle. To guarantee that tiny children are safe in the case of an accident, these standards differ based on the child's age and weight. While victims of catastrophic automobile accidents nearly always experience some injuries, the assumption is that a child safety seat, booster seat, or harness should decrease these risks and save the lives of little children. When car seat and child seat manufacturers fail to regard kid safety, the civil court system can frequently find them legally accountable.
Our Lawyers Can Represent Clients Whose Children Have Injuries
- Driver seatbacks that collapse and injure children in the back seat,
- Backless booster seats that provide no head or neck protection,
- Shield-type booster seats that allow children to hit their heads or slip out of the seat,
- Convertible child carriers that come apart,
- Insufficient designs on car seats.
Car Seat Industry Safety Standards Are Inadequate
Part of the problem with child car seat injuries stems from the absence of proper safety requirements for car seat manufacturers. There are presently no industry-wide regulations for safe performance in a kid seat in a rear-, side-, or rollover collision. Children who are too big for a child seat but too tiny to be securely secured by the vehicle's seat belt system are also in danger of harm.
What Can I Do to Avoid Purchasing an Improper Child Car Seat?
It may be upsetting when you rely on a product to keep your children safe, and that product fails. Keep up with safety recalls and unfavorable publicity for any seats or manufacturers to avoid purchasing a faulty kid car seat. The NHTSA offers a webpage dedicated to informing customers about the most recent recalls.
What Causes a Defective Child Car Seat?
The following are examples of common car seat flaws:
- A shattered foundation,
- Handles that are defective,
- Latch failures,
- Failure to properly lock and unlock buckles,
- Flammable substance.
If you're tempted to buy or give away an old car seat, resist. Child car seats have a shelf life. You will not be penalized or charged if you use an expired or used car seat. They can develop cracks and lose their straps with time, resulting in catastrophic failure in an accident. Also, do not purchase a secondhand child car seat from the internet. You don't know the seat's history, which puts your child at risk in an accident. When your children are close in age, this is an exception. You can hand it down to the younger child as long as the seat is still safe to use.
Defective Child Car Seats Can Lead to Catastrophic Injuries
Child car seats are designed to safeguard young passengers during vehicle crashes. Unfortunately, when these products are defective, such as collapsing seatbacks, faulty buckles, or poorly designed boosters, the consequences can be devastating. A lack of federal safety standards for side, rear, and rollover collisions further increases the risk. Manufacturers may be held liable if their negligence contributes to a child’s injury or death. At KAASS LAW, we’re committed to holding them accountable and protecting your family’s rights.
Get Legal Support for Child Car Seat Injury Cases
If your child was harmed due to a defective car seat, you deserve justice. Our attorneys at KAASS LAW understand the emotional and financial toll these cases can bring. We use our legal experience and investigative resources to pursue maximum compensation for families affected by design flaws or manufacturing failures. Let us help you hold negligent companies responsible. Call us at 310-943-1171 or explore more of our legal services online.
Fighting for Defective Child Car Seat Victims
Children who survive a vehicle accident with a faulty safety seat may miss out on a lifetime of chances ranging from lifelong paralysis to traumatic brain damage to spinal cord injuries - and regrettably, many of the tiniest children cannot survive such a crash at all. Our experienced personal injury attorneys at KAASS LAW have considerable investigative tools to assist you in exploring all legal options following a tragic death or catastrophic injury. You can contact us at 310-943-1171. We believe in finding justice for families and ensuring that no parent has to endure the same pain because we've seen firsthand the devastation that vehicle faults can bring. You can rely on our team to offer the compassionate representation you need following a vehicle accident. Visit this link to be introduced to our additional practices.

Spinal cord injuries commonly occur after a slip-and-fall accident. When you've fallen and hurt yourself, it may seem like your rehabilitation process will take months. Some people may experience back discomfort that persists after slipping or falling, which can cause sadness to set in very fast. Spinal cord injuries brought on by falls have significantly increased during the previous 40 years. Environmental factors like icy surfaces or wet floors frequently cause same-level slip-and-fall accidents. Serious spinal cord damage can ensue from such incidents, especially in the elderly population. Slips and falls often result in more serious, life-threatening consequences for older individuals. Additionally, their hospital stay is longer, and their medical expenses are higher.
Injury to the Spinal Cord
One of the most severe and disabling injuries brought on by a slip and fall is a spinal cord injury. A broken or displaced vertebra may be the cause of a spinal cord injury. There are two types of spinal cord injuries: complete and incomplete. When the cord can no longer convey impulses below the level of injury, it is considered complete. As a result, the area that has been under the impact is losing all sensation below. If the injury is not complete, the victim can still move somewhat and feel a little under the stress.
Can Spinal Cord Injuries Get Worse Over Time?
The fact that slip and fall accidents have both short-term and long-term effects is a very common concern. You are significantly more likely to have a major injury following a fall if you are a high-risk person, such as an elderly person or someone with brittle bones, previous damage, or fissures. Torn ligaments, crushed discs, and pinched nerves can also result in severe harm that may last a lifetime. The spine has three primary regions:
- the neck's cervical vertebrae (upper spine)
- the middle back's thoracic vertebrae
- the lower back's lumbar vertebrae
Different regions of the body are affected by the discs, nerves, and muscles that are unique to each region of the spine. Chronic pain can quickly deteriorate due to improper diagnosis or lack of therapy, leaving you in moderate to severe discomfort.
What Do I Do if I Get a Spinal Cord Injury?
Every patient is different, thus we always create individualized treatment strategies for each of them. However, there are some commonalities among those who slip and fall that can help us identify issues and develop better solutions for quicker relief. Recognizing the causes of your back injury symptoms may be made easier if you are aware of these conditions. Always get a medical professional's advice before attempting any remedies. Early treatment can lessen the intensity of your pain and stop permanent nerve and muscle damage.
Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs)
Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), which can occur anywhere in the spine but are most frequently found in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine, can be caused by some falls. From excruciating pain to physical deformity, the impacts are varied. People with brittle bones are more likely to get VCF injuries, just like patients with osteoporosis. Compression fractures are also more likely to occur in postmenopausal women. Vertebral compression fracture symptoms include:
- abrupt backache
- discomfort when standing or sitting
- less discomfort when lying on your back
- decreased mobility
- loss of height, incapacity, or progressive deformity
- slipped discs
The softer inner component of the disk might herniate when a disc ruptures due to a fall or slip that twists the spine. This puts pressure on the nearby nerves, which can cause mild to severe pain, tingling and numbness, and weakness of the muscles. Herniated disc sufferers can experience discomfort that corresponds to individual spine injuries. For instance, you might feel discomfort and tingling in your lower limbs if a disc in your lumbar region herniated. Herniated discs can be controlled early on with chiropractic care, physical therapy, therapeutic ultrasounds, steroid injections, and medication, but surgery is the only effective treatment for them.
Contact Slip and Fall Injury Attorney Today
One of our many practices is slip and fall accidents. If you sustain a spinal cord injury from slip and fall accident, contact Kaass Law experienced an attorney for a consultation and case evaluation. With our help, you can file a California slip and fall claim and seek the financial compensation you deserve. Feel free to give us a call at 310.943.1171

Cardiovascular problems can develop down the road as a result of physical injuries sustained in a vehicle accident. It is well-known that severe car crashes can result in fractures, ligament tears, and sprains. However, many individuals are unaware that a bad vehicle collision can also affect circulatory health, leading to cardiac issues. Heart attacks and irregular heartbeats are common aftereffects of automobile accidents. These conditions may result in long-lasting health issues, potentially shortening one’s lifespan.
Can Car Accidents Lead to Heart Attacks?
Several causes can contribute to heart attacks following an automobile collision. The most prominent reasons are:
- Blood clots from injuries: Car accidents can cause blood clots to form in the legs or other extremities. These clots can travel to the heart or brain, leading to severe complications like heart attacks or strokes.
- Stress and trauma: The stress and trauma caused by a collision can also trigger heart attacks. When a person experiences stress, the adrenal glands release hormones that damage muscle cells, which may have a detrimental impact on the heart over time.
These factors contribute to the heightened risk of cardiac issues after a car accident, and they highlight the importance of understanding the connection between traumatic events and heart health.
Do Car Accidents Lead to Strokes?
In addition to cardiac issues, car accidents can also increase the risk of strokes. Stress from a vehicle collision may trigger a stroke, especially when accompanied by other bodily injuries. Surprisingly, even minor accidents, such as low-impact rear-end crashes, can result in neck injuries or shock that may eventually lead to a brain aneurysm.
In some cases, the effects of these injuries can persist long-term, and overcoming these challenges without proper medical treatment can be difficult. High blood pressure induced by stress during an accident significantly increases the risk of both heart attacks and strokes, making automobile accidents a major contributor to cardiac issues and other life-threatening conditions.
Acting on Behalf of Severe Burns From a Car Collision
The severity of burn injuries sustained in a car accident is categorized as follows:
- First-degree burns: These burns only affect the epidermis (outer layer of skin), such as sunburns.
- Second-degree burns: These burns damage deeper layers of skin tissue, often causing blistering. They can be caused by touching hot objects or surfaces.
- Third-degree burns: Both the skin layers and underlying fatty tissue are impacted by third-degree burns.
- Fourth-degree burns: These burns extend through all layers of the skin and can even damage bones. Without immediate medical attention, fourth-degree burns can be fatal.
While burn injuries are serious and require timely medical care, the cardiac issues that stem from trauma often receive less attention. Long-term recovery for both types of injuries demands significant medical intervention.
Heart Disease and Injury Connection – Learn more about how trauma affects cardiovascular health from reputable sources like the American Heart Association.
What Type of Injuries Result from Car Accidents That Are Not Immediately Noticeable?
Some injuries are immediately apparent after a car accident, such as cuts and fractures. However, there are injuries that may not manifest until days or even hours after the incident. Failing to address these injuries can lead to long-term complications.
- Can Brain Trauma Injuries Be Permanent If Not Treated?
Brain trauma can result in permanent complications, especially if left untreated. Some long-term effects of untreated brain injuries include:
- Persistent headaches
- Loss of coordination
- Fatigue and nausea
- Changes in personality or mood
- Difficulty with memory, including recalling events before or after the accident
- Heightened sensitivity to sound and light
Traumatic brain injuries can lead to long-term consequences, and cardiac issues might further complicate recovery, as the body’s stress response negatively impacts overall health.
- Is Internal Bleeding a Major Factor in Accidents?
Internal bleeding is a serious concern after a vehicle collision. Symptoms of internal bleeding include:
- Swelling and pain in the abdomen or limbs
- Dizziness and fainting
- Severe headaches
- Purple skin bruising or discoloration
In severe cases, internal bleeding can lead to death if not treated quickly. It is essential to monitor for signs of internal bleeding after an accident, as this condition can exacerbate existing cardiac issues due to the body's strained circulatory system.
- Can Fractures Be Unnoticeable After an Accident?
Hairline fractures may not be immediately noticeable after a car accident. X-rays or other imaging tests are necessary to detect these hidden injuries. Even a minor fracture, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications and long-term pain.
Why You Need a Professional Attorney for Car Accidents with Burn Injuries
Burn injuries from car accidents are often more difficult to treat, cause significant pain and suffering, and take longer to heal compared to other injuries. If you’ve sustained burns or cardiac issues from a vehicle collision, it’s crucial to consult with a personal injury lawyer who specializes in burn injury cases. They can help ensure you receive fair compensation for your medical expenses, pain, and suffering.
A car accident involving burn injuries and cardiac issues can be complex, but experienced attorneys know how to navigate these cases. With the right legal guidance, you can ensure that your injuries are fully compensated, allowing you to focus on recovery.
If you’ve experienced severe burns or cardiac issues as a result of a car accident, don’t hesitate to reach out. Contact a knowledgeable personal injury attorney at 310.943.1171 today for a consultation.